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The Form and Manner of Life of Cardinal Hugolino (1219)
Introduction
In his letter to Pope Honorius III, August 27, 1218, Cardinal Hugolino, Papal Legate in Tuscany and Lombardy, described communities of reli- gious women who were living in those territories. Many stood in need of both spiritual and administrative assistance which religious men were re- luctant or unable to supply. The Premonstratensians, for example, had withdrawn from the pastoral assistance to their female communities in 1198, the Cistercians in 1212. Furthermore, many women, inspired by the preaching of the Mendicant Friars Preachers and the Lesser Brothers, had formed communities based on the ideals of Saint Dominic or Saint Fran- cis. Eventually these communities were neglected because of the itinerancy of the friars who were reluctant to establish fixed residences in or near these communities.a Eventually Hugolino received authority from the Pope to correct this situation and, in doing so, saw the need to provide a more stable form of life for these women, among whom were the Poor Ladies of San Damiano.
The following document, the Form and Manner of Life, was provided by Cardinal Hugolino sometime after August 27, 1218, since there is no mention of such a document in the Pope’s letter.b Unfortunately the original of this document has been lost. The translation that follows is based on the earliest known edition of the text, a manuscript sent by Gregory IX, Cardinal Hugolino, to a newly established monastery in Pamplona on
- Further information concerning these communities of women can be found in Herbert Grundmann, Religious Movements in the Middle Ages, translated by Steven Rowan with an introduction by Robert E. Lerner (Notre Dame, London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1995); Luigi Pellegrini, “Female Religious Experience and Society in Thirteenth-Century Italy,” Monks and Nuns, Saints and Outcasts: Religion in Medieval Society. Essays in Honor of Lester K. Little. Edited by Sharon Farmer and Barbara H. Rosenwein (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000), 97-122; Women and Religion in Medieval and Renaissance Italy. Edited by Daniel Bornstein and Roberto Rusconi (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
- Cf. Livario Oliger, “De Origine Regularum Ordine S. Clarae,” AFH 5 (1912): 181-209, 413-447.